11 April 2020 – Vaccine cure – Bill and Melinda Gates have the CURE – they want you to test to see if your “inoculated” – but you have to HAVE it, to be CURED

To go back to work you must PROVE that your INOCULATED- which means you have to get a vaccine (the cure) – The Vaccine is a wedge into your soul.  Please, read

Bill Gates and the anti-fertility agent in African tetanus vaccine

Posted on November 13, 2014 by sfaw2

It turns out The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has been funding the distribution of tetanus vaccine in Africa by UNICEF, which is the agency that provided Kenya with the vaccine reportedly laced with Human Chorionic Gonadatropin (HCG). That is the same Bill Gates who said: “The world today has 6.8 billion people. That’s heading up to about nine billion. Now if we do a really great job on new vaccines, health care, reproductive health services, we could lower that by perhaps ten or fifteen percent.” (See video below.)

Article:
STARTLING COMMENT BY BILL GATES COMES RINGING BACK WITH REVELATION OF HIDDEN AGENT IN AFRICAN VACCINE

Video of Gates Quote:
Vaccine quote begins at 2:36 minutes. The video cites population reduction as one factor in reducing CO2 emissions(!):

It was hard to believe, wasn’t it, that Bill Gates of Microsoft, now the world’s leading philanthropist, was recorded saying, “The world today has 6.8 billion people. That’s heading up to about nine billion. Now if we do a really great job on new vaccines, health care, reproductive health services, we could lower that by perhaps ten or fifteen percent.”

A great job on new vaccines? What does that have to do with reducing the population?

Perhaps a lot — startlingly.

We gave Bill the benefit of the doubt, figuring this was perhaps a slip of the tongue. To believe otherwise seemed a step toward the cynical — even a bit on the order of paranoia, one might reckon.

Less so now — not with the reports out of Kenya that an antigen which causes miscarriages has been found in vaccination (for tetanus) administered by two agencies associated with the United Nations, the World Health Organization and UNICEF.

We found a press release from his foundation in 2005 saying that UNICEF “received today a $26 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The gift will be used in the fight to eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT), a disease that was responsible in 1998 for more than 300,000 deaths in developing nations. Although tetanus killed just one newborn in the U.S. last year, it is one of the world’s most serious diseases that afflicts infants and their mothers.”

The Gates Foundation funded the vaccine now cited as containing the antigen that causes miscarriage.

These vaccines, it seems, have been administered only to young women of child-bearing age — a million thus far, with more than a million more planned in that nation alone.

The antigen (known as human chorionic gonadatropin, or HCG), basically renders a woman infertile after a certain period of time (without her knowing it). Doctors and bishops in Kenya are speaking loudly against it. It was the Catholic Church that discovered the antigen. “The Church struggled and acquired several vials of the vaccine, which we sent to four unrelated government and private laboratories in Kenya and abroad,” they said in a statement. “We want to announce here, that all the tests showed that the vaccine used in Kenya in March and October 2014 was indeed laced with the Beta-HCG hormone.”

Let that sink in a moment.

Gates and wife Melinda are famous advocates of population control — at the same time that they pour millions into life-saving vaccines — particularly in places like Africa. We ran into a small group of men from the Gates Foundation some years back during a visit to Rwanda. The foundation works alongside W.H.O.

“Nearly two hundred countries around the globe have endorsed a shared vision — known as the Decade of Vaccines—to extend the benefits of vaccines to every person by 2020 and thereby save more than twenty million lives,” says the foundation website.

Gates has doubtless saved many lives, and for that he should be applauded. In that regard, he seems well-meaning. He could be living on some idyllic mega-yacht, instead of traipsing across the hinterlands. He is said even to attend Mass, at least on occasion, with his Catholic wife. At least, he believes in it as a discipline.

But he is now walking in the same footsteps as billionaires before him. Are the vaccines he financed the ones laced with Beta-HCG? (And if so, Melinda, are you really Catholic?) Meanwhile, both Gates and best friend Warren Buffet pump millions into Planned Parenthood.

As one report states: “The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation has traditionally dedicated itself to easily-treated infectious diseases that still persist in the developing world. Although the foundation gave $50 million to fight Ebola, that pales in comparison to the $200 million it pledged to fight malaria this year.”

They are really into vaccinations. Maybe it’s because, as also reported, “he has seen that by improving health and education, population decreases as parents decide to have less children.”

Other philanthropists such as those behind the Rockefeller Foundation have long been suspected of using vaccinations to cause infertility in places such as Nicaragua.

The Rockefellers allegedly have exerted much influence over the World Health Organization.

Do they discuss this sort of thing at secret gatherings such as the Bilderberg Group or Bohemian Grove (where the idea for the Manhattan Project was first bandied about)? We may have a special report on these groups soon.

Former National Security superstar Henry Kissinger — long associated with the Rockefellers — once argued that the world population should be reduced by five hundred million by the year 2000 and that the food supply should be controlled by the United States. A memo to that effect outlined a strategy of promoting fertility control under the rubric of “family planning” and hiding it in foreign aide programs.

Investigative author F. William Engdahl has pointed out that the policy of the Rockefeller elite consisted of adopting a “world population plan of action” for drastic global population reduction policies in order to preserve resources and maintain order [see an article we carried some years back].

“The secret Kissinger plan was implemented immediately,” says Engdahl in his book, which deeply documents and focuses on the global purveyance of genetically-modified food. “The thirteen priority countries for population reduction were to undergo drastic changes in their affairs over the following thirty years. Most would not even be aware of what was happening.”

Few can doubt that population is a problem in many regions (where there is a dearth of good drinking water and food; witness the bouts with famine, as well as disease).

But this is nefarious. Birth control is not the answer — and secret infertility most certainly is not. How involved is Gates in such programs in India — where twenty-two women died this week at one sterilization clinic? Human Life International once reported that “the British government, co-sponsor of Melinda Gates’ birth control project, was recently found to be funding a forced sterilization campaign in India.” No smoking gun, but it raises a bunch of questions.

It is shocking to realize how many high-ranking U.S. officials have come from the Rockefeller Foundation or other Rockefeller-linked organizations and the extent to which such hidden elements in America sought to reduce global population, fearing that a large population would consume valuable natural resources and upset the balance of power (and their wealth).

Noted Engdahl: “The Brazilian government[for example]was shocked to find that an estimated 44 percent of all Brazilian women aged between 14 and 55 had been permanently sterilized.Most of the older women had been sterilized when the program began in the mid-1970s.”

Those sterilizations — carried out by organizations such as the International Planned Parenthood Federation and Family Health International — were all under the direction of the U.S. Agency for International Development.

The thirteen priority countries: India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, Turkey, Egypt, Mexico, Ethiopia, and Colombia, as well as Brazil. Are Kenya and other nations now on that list? Two hundred?

Others, including a Texas professor, have actually proposed using bacteria and viruses to lower the population.

Ebola, anyone?

As long as we are connecting dots, a look at the death of Paul Walker could possibly tie in as well.

Paul Walker: Murdered For Digging Too Deep?

Conspiracy forums have posed an interesting theory on Paul Walker’s untimely death from a car crash , where they tie it in, and call it murder to prevent Walker, who was part of the Phillipine relief effort, from exposing “a conspiracy to supply victims of Typhon Haiyan with a prototype permanent birth control drug hidden in medicinal supplies and food aid.” Another theory is that Walker discovered dirty money in the Philippines disaster relief and that it “would make sense because he owned a company that specialized in rapid disaster relief.”

Paul Walker Murdered For Digging Too Deep

Paul Walker and his friend were killed shortly after they discovered a conspiracy to supply victims of Typhon Haiyan with a prototype permanent birth control drug hidden in medicinal supplies and food aid. They had a damning recording and they were on their way to rendezvous with an ally who would have helped them get in touch with the right people. Turns out they were betrayed and someone rigged their car’s breaks to malfunction after a certain speed.

Now that the loose end has been tied up, and the recording destroyed, the people responsible have nothing to fear as this will become another “conspiracy theory” no one will take seriously.

Via the second thread:

“Now here is another thread with a conspiracy on a possible motive here. Apparently, Paul Walker had discovered dirty money in the Philippines disaster relief and that would make sense because he owned a company that specialized in rapid disaster relief. “

Did Walker dig to deep into corruption or was it an Illuminati Death?

Then we have the massive damage to the car, the two videos below show the same car Paul Walker was killed in that had also been involved in an ultra high speed crash with fatalities and then the video of the aerial view of Walker’s car after the fatal crash.

The exemplar:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=isU6roLVHE0#t=6

 

Now that’s something to think about!

from –

http://www.sfaw.org/newswire/2014/11/13/bill-gates-and-the-anti-fertility-agent-in-african-tetanus-vaccine/

HCGinVaccine1HCGinVaccine2HCGinVaccine3

 

sterileFOOD

 

these people are sick

 

 

Wo-Jack Protocol

https://fbcoverup.com/docs/cyberhijack/cyber-hijack-findings.html#marc-rich-pardon

 

BillGatesWo-JackProtocol1BillGatesWo-JackProtocol2.png

10 April 2020 – IRS embezzlement – The IRS institutionally taking TAX money and giving it to those who have committed crimes against Americans is an ILLEGAL charter

A very industrious new lawyer should gather a class action suite against the IRS and supporting agencies that provide them the ability to take in money – at gun point (look at what happened when Mr Bundy defied the government *)

The strong arm of the government should never be used AGAINST the people that GOVERN IT!!!!

 

*Bundy sues – “Cruel and unusual treatment” (solitary confinement) over property rights to mineral rich ranch – UraniumONE mineral assets is why the administration sought to nullify the right to property https://txlady706.wordpress.com/2019/10/21/bundy-sues-cruel-and-unusual-treatment-solitary-confinement-over-property-rights-to-mineral-rich-ranch-uraniumone-mineral-assets-is-why-the-administration-sought-to-nullify-the-right-to-prop/ via @TXLADY7061

Some undocumented immigrants will receive coronavirus stimulus checks

Any taxpayer who filed a 2018 or 2019 return with a Social Security number will receive a stimulus payment – regardless of their immigration status, congressional sources say

IRS Building
IRS Building
(Photo by Zach Gibson/Getty Images)
By Nicholas Ballasy
Last Updated:
April 10, 2020 – 10:59am

Some undocumented immigrants will receive COVID-19 stimulus checks under the $2.2 trillion coronavirus stimulus package that President Trump signed into law, Just the News has learned.

In the CARES Act, the IRS sends direct payments of $1,200 to anybody who files a tax return for 2018 or 2019 using a Social Security number, not an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN).

Many undocumented immigrants use an ITIN in place of a Social Security number to file income tax returns. A group of Democratic lawmakers want to amend the CARES Act so that every undocumented immigrant who filed tax returns with an ITIN could receive a $1,200 check but not all undocumented immigrants residing in the country illegally are without a Social Security number.

Some non-citizen immigrants obtain Social Security numbers with certain types of work-eligible U.S. visas. Department of Homeland Security data shows that almost 667,000 immigrants overstayed their visas in 2018. The agency’s 2019 report has not been released yet.

In addition, there is a case now before the Supreme Court dealing with undocumented immigrants’ use of other people’s Social Security numbers to gain work in the U.S.

According to congressional staffers close to the stimulus direct-payment process, any taxpayer who filed a tax return for 2018 and/or 2019 with a “work-eligible” Social Security number will receive a direct $1,200 stimulus payment from the IRS regardless of their current immigration status.

If someone filed taxes in 2018 and/or 2019 under a Social Security number that was originally issued with a U.S. visa application, they would qualify for a COVID-19 stimulus check even if their immigration status is expired and no longer valid at this time, according to a congressional source on the House Ways & Means Committee.

A group of immigration attorneys with offices in multiple cities assisting immigrants with the COVID-19 stimulus said that “an individual’s method of entry into the United States, current immigration status, and other immigration factors are not considered when determining eligibility for a stimulus cash rebate.”

——————me

McAllen gets 4.8M for illegals in South Texas due to CORONAVIRUS after getting 250000 the day before and siding with China in 2019. Un-AMERICAN!! And he’s a US – REP? https://txlady706.home.blog/2020/04/09/9-april-2020-mcallen-gets-4-8m-for-illegals-in-south-texas-due-to-coronavirus-after-getting-250000-the-day-before-and-siding-with-china-in-2019-un-american-and-hes-a-us-rep/ via @TXLADY7061

filemonvela - D4Impeachment

——————me

The Senate Finance Committee describes the qualifications for a payment as “all U.S. residents or citizens with adjusted gross income under $75,000 ($112,500 for head of household and $150,000 married), who are not the dependent of another taxpayer and have a work-eligible Social Security number, are eligible for the full $1,200 ($2,400 married) rebate. They are also eligible for an additional $500 per child. A typical family of four is eligible for a $3,400 recovery rebate.”

The committee also states that “no action” is required on the part of most taxpayers to receive their payment “since the IRS will use a taxpayer’s 2019 tax return if filed, or their 2018 return if they haven’t filed their 2019 return. This includes many individuals with very low income who file a tax return despite not owing any tax in order to take advantage of the refundable Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit.”

Committee staffers referred additional questions about the direct payments to the IRS. The Treasury Department and the IRS did not respond to several requests for comment.

Mark Krikorian, executive director of the Center for Immigration Studies, told Just the News that there is “no question” that some undocumented immigrants will receive stimulus checks.

——————me

WHY is there NO QUESTION?  This is positively infuriating.  We can go and kill an ant 3000 miles away, but we CAN’T identify who’s ILLEGAL?  I call BULL!!!!   This is embezzlement by the IRS and TREASON against the AMERICAN tax payer !!!~!

——————me

“Some legal temporary workers who became overstayers use the same Social Security number they got legally because Social Security does not cancel your Social Security number when your visa expires,” he said. “If you overstay, your Social Security number doesn’t turn into a pumpkin. You just keep using it.”

Krikorian said there are a variety of ways certain undocumented immigrants would be able to receive checks if they use Social Security numbers to file taxes.

“There’s no system in place that would enable Social Security or IRS to screen out people who shouldn’t be getting these checks,” he said. “You could have been in status for several years and your Social Security number doesn’t expire. Social Security doesn’t check whether you’re still lawfully in the United States.”

Krikorian also said he’s certain that people who are now undocumented immigrants are still using Social Security previously issued to them. However, U.S. officials have “no idea” how many are doing that because they would have to match Social Security numbers with Department of Homeland Security data.

“And Social Security doesn’t want to have anything to do with immigration,” he said.

——————me

WHY do THEY have a choice?  If I commit a crime, then I may not be interested in why it’s a crime and therefore I am not a criminal.  When is it the CRIMINAL agency that gets to decide what they have to do with and what they DON’T have to do with?  Does the mob put up a hand and say “nope, not interested?”  Why do THEY decide?

——————me

The IRS expects to start sending out the direct payments by mid-April.

from – https://justthenews.com/government/federal-agencies/some-undocumented-immigrants-will-receive-coronavirus-stimulus-checks

10 April 2020 – The horror of China’s lies – live cremation!

I have no words.  The idea of killing people in this way is demonic.

Graphic Witness Accounts of Chinese Burning Corona Victims Alive

RFA’s report claims screams have been heard coming from funeral home furnaces, and that some hospital patients allegedly saw workers put coronavirus patients who were still alive in body bags.
Jarrett StaffBy
cremated alive
Our Democratic and progressive government leaders side with China on the school of thought that saying “China’s Virus” or the “Chinese coronavirus” is insensitive and racist. Let’s call a spade a spade, shall we? This horrendous epidemic originated in China, and nothing but a flood of lies and misdirection has been coming from them ever since. As stories leak and make their way past China’s strict Communist-controlled state, more and more horror is unearthed.Radio Free Asia (RFA) released an unconscionable report on Monday. Warning to readers, the content is tough to fathom. RFA’s report claims screams have been heard coming from funeral home furnaces, and that some hospital patients allegedly saw workers put coronavirus patients who were still alive in body bags.

RFA did note it could not independently verify “that the Chinese Communist Party was burning coronavirus patients alive, nor has the Communist Party confirmed or denied the rumors” according to Breitbart. However, “rumors persist that, to make room for new patients in Wuhan’s overcrowded hospitals, medical staff chose older patients less likely to survive the infection and shipped them to incinerators while they were still alive and conscious.”

Included in RFA’s sources, someone “close to the funeral industry” said he had heard rumors of “people restrained and forced into body bags when they were still moving.” The source also said he was told “there are video clips of screams coming from funeral homes, from inside the furnaces…which tells us that some people were taken to the funeral homes while they were still alive.”

The Taiwanese outlet Taiwan Newstraced the origin of one video to a Chinese student group called “Youth Production.” The group uploaded the video on February 24th, which showed a woman in her 60s speaking anonymously to a camera saying she witnessed a patient next to her at one Wuhan hospital being stuffed into a body bag while still alive. “He’s not dead, his feet and hands are still moving…they wrapped him up in a plastic body bag and zipped it up” said the woman.

These are just a few of the many painful scenarios coming from China. Next of kin are not allowed to see their dying loved ones, only to show up at a funeral home to pick up an urn. One Wuhan resident said a man’s belt clasp was in the ashes of what was supposed to be her mother. Another said he found dental remains of a crown or implant in the urn he was given labeled with his father’s name, but his father had never received such dental work.

 

From – https://thegreggjarrett.com/graphic-witness-accounts-of-chinese-burning-corona-victims-alive/

9 April 2020 -US fighter jets near Alaska (NORAD) -Russian aircraft flew within 50 miles of the Alaskan coast, adding that Moscow “wanted to see if we are able to react.” – COVID test

While the USA is reacting to the Coronavirus, Russia tests the USA on their reaction capability to reacting to a military threat.

Where did the cornavirus come from? China? What if it was Russia? What if the virus was engineered by Russia and brought to Wuhan?

Just a thought —

US fighter jets intercept Russian aircraft near Alaska

BY ELLEN MITCHELL – 04/09/20 03:10 PM EDT
US fighter jets intercept Russian aircraft near Alaska

U.S. Air Force fighter jets intercepted two Russian patrol aircraft near Alaska on Wednesday, North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) announced.

The U.S. F-22 Raptors “intercepted two Russian IL-38 aircraft entering the Alaskan Air Defense Identification Zone,” NORAD said over multiple posts to Twitter on Thursday.

NORAD said the Russian maritime reconnaissance aircraft — which are used to hunt for submarines — were intercepted in the Bering Sea, north of the Aleutian Islands, and did not enter United States or Canadian sovereign airspace.

“COVID-19 or not, NORAD continues actively watching for threats and defending the homelands 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year,” NORAD Commander Gen. Terrence O’Shaughnessy said in the posts.

O’Shaughnessy later on Thursday on “Fox & Friends” said the Russian aircraft flew within 50 miles of the Alaskan coast, adding that Moscow “wanted to see if we are able to react.”

Russia repeatedly flies its reconnaissance aircraft as well as bomber plane patrols near Alaska — with 48 such patrols in 2019 — which the United States sometimes intercepts.

The most recent such instance was in early March, when U.S. and Royal Canadian air force fighter jets intercepted two Russian Tu-142 aircraft.

TAGS FIGHTER JETS NORTH AMERICAN AEROSPACE DEFENSE COMMAND

9 April 2020 -McAllen gets 4.8M for illegals in South Texas due to CORONAVIRUS after getting 250000 the day before and siding with China in 2019. Un-AMERICAN!! And he’s a US – REP?

filemonvela - D4Impeachment

$4.8M going to South Texas clinics to help with COVID-19

by: Sandra Sanchez

Posted:  / Updated: 

McALLEN, TEXAS (Border Report) — U.S. Rep. Filemon Vela, a Democrat from South Texas, announced Wednesday that the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has awarded over $4.8 million in funding to four health clinics in South Texas through the CARES Act.

The following clinics will receive these grants as part of $1.3 billion that Congress recently funded for COVID-19 through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) passed March 27:

  • The Brownsville Community Health Clinic received $1.14 million.
  • Community Action Corporation of South Texas received $867,650
  • Su Clinica Familiar received $1.3 million
  • Nuestra Clinica del Valle received $1.5 million.

“These funds will be critical in providing our community health centers with much needed support to combat this global pandemic and work to assist impacted patients,” Vela said in a statement. “I understand that Congress will have to do more to get our healthcare workers the equipment and support they need, and the diagnostic testing required to ensure we treat and protect as many South Texans as possible. I know we will get through these difficult times if we continue to listen to our public health experts, stay at home and support and help our community.”

These centers treat many uninsured and Hispanic patients in the Rio Grande. And monies will help support TeleHealth services, as well as on-site medical care.

———————————me

They are “uninsured” because they are ILLEGAL

everyone who is an AMERICAN is insured either with medicaid, medicare or ssi

———————————me

Ann Awalt, executive director of Community Action Corporation of South Texas said: “Without additional resources and the unwavering support from Congressman Vela, the critical health needs of South Texans would go unmet in a time of unparalleled need.”

The announcement came a day after Vela disclosed that HHS had given over $250,000 to some South Texas clinics.

Visit the BorderReport.com homepage for the latest exclusive stories and breaking news about issues along the United States-Mexico border.

From -https://www.valleycentral.com/news/4-8m-going-to-south-texas-clinics-to-help-with-covid-19/

 

In 2019 he sided with China

House Ag leaders lash out over trade aid, Conaway called ‘racist’

09/19/19 1:20 PM By Ben Nuelle
KEYWORDS CCC COLLIN PETERSON COMMODITY CREDIT CORPORATION FILEMON VELA HOUSE AG COMMITTEE HOUSE AGRICULTURE COMMITTEE MIKE CONAWAY TRADE AID
Filemon Vela

A senior Democrat on the House Agriculture Committee called its top Republican a racist on Twitter as the normally bipartisan panel was rocked Thursday by feuding over a measure needed to fund farmers’ trade aid payments.

Minutes into a subcommittee hearing, the full committee’s ranking Republican, Texas Rep. Mike Conaway, began chiding House Democrats for considering denying a White House request to replenish the account that the Agriculture Department is using to make the payments.

“It’s one thing for (Chinese President) Xi Jinping to use our farmers and ranchers in rural America as a weapon against President Trump and those trade negotiations, but it is entirely something else to have the powers of this body be using those same good people as leverage simply because you don’t like President Trump,” Conaway said in his opening statement.

The House Democratic leadership ultimately relented, releasing a continuing resolution Wednesday evening that restored the Commodity Credit Corp.’s $30 billion borrowing authority, as the White House requested.

But Conaway, a former chairman of the Ag committee, said Democrats should never have allowed it to be considered in the first place.

“The way the majority has gone about this CR and taking this CCC funding hostage is now using those folks as a weapon,” he added. “Shame on us for allowing that to happen. It should never have happened.”

Peterson sharply defended his caucus’ handling of the issue, and afterward the subcommittee’s chairman, Filemon Vela, D-Texas, launched a broadside on Twitter.

“Our caucus doesn’t need to be lectured by a racist Christian pretender who led the effort to starve America’s poor. Every Democratic member of this committee championed the efforts to protect MFP in this week’s CR negotiations,” Vela’s tweet said.

Vela’s office subsequently issued a statement repeating the tweet and identifying Conaway as the target.

“Conaway was lyin’ in that committee hearing because every single Democratic member in the House Agriculture Committee fought really hard to protect MFP here over the last weekend,” Vela said between afternoon votes.

When asked if the tweet was directed towards Conaway, Vela said “there’s no question about it.”

Conaway hadn’t seen the tweet until reporters showed him.

“A racist Christian, alright,” Conaway sarcastically read aloud. Conaway was then asked if he had any reaction.

“Considering the source, no,” he said, standing by his committee comments.

“All I said was that rural America and production Agriculture has been held hostage or taken as a pawn by Democratic leadership and if that is untrue, I would be happy to have that conversation,” Conaway said.

During the hearing, Peterson said the dispute over CCC spending had roots in the way that Republicans responded to the way that then-Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack used the program for disaster payments in 2010.

After they later took control of the House, Republicans put a provision in successive appropriations bills restricting USDA’s use of the CCC authority. The restriction wasn’t lifted until 2018, when the White House was ramping up the trade war with China.

“This was put in place by the Republican Party,” Peterson said, referring to the GOP-backed restriction on CCC.

“It was put in place, this restriction, because at that time, the Republicans thought Secretary (Tom) Vilsack was using the CCC to help Blanche Lincoln, who at the time was chairman of the Senate Agriculture Committee, in her reelection because there was a disaster in Arkansas.”

He went on, “So you guys put it in place,” Peterson barked back. “It wasn’t a single member on this committee — the Ag Committee — who had anything to do with this. Period.”

Conaway argued that the Republican restriction was different from what Democrats were considering this year because the GOP version didn’t affect the payments that had been made in 2010.

Story was updated at 3:42 p.m. EDT

Interested in more news on farm programs, trade and rural issues? Sign up for a four-week free trial to Agri-Pulse. You’ll receive our content – absolutely free – during the trial period. 

For more news, go to www.Agri-Pulse.com.

Ben Nuelle
Associate Editor

FROM – https://www.agri-pulse.com/articles/12620-ccc-fight-fuels-partisan-rancor-at-house-ag-hearing

6 April 2020 – Germany -Lock downs work – or – the DATA is being augmented

How is Germany manipulating their data ?  That is the question.  How is the data being gathered and then how are the cases being documented?

As Germany’s coronavirus outbreak appears to peak at fewer than 1,500 deaths – why HAS it performed so much better than most of Europe?

  • German officials recorded 92 deaths in one day, the fewest fatalities in a week
  • Italy’s death toll at its ‘peak’ was 9,140 compared to Germany’s 1,434
  • That’s despite both countries reporting over 6,000 cases on their worst days 
  • The UK, France, Sweden and Denmark all seem to either be nearing their peak
  • Currently the UK’s daily death doll is doubling around every two to three days 

By VANESSA CHALMERS HEALTH REPORTER FOR MAILONLINE

PUBLISHED: | UPDATED: 

Germany today saw a sharp drop in its daily death and case toll count, sparking hope that the unprecedented coronavirus lockdown is working.

Health officials recorded just 3,677 new cases – the lowest total since March 22 – and 92 deaths, the fewest single day of fatalities in a week.

But Germany, which has recorded fewer than 1,500 deaths, is not the only European country whose outbreak has appeared to have flattened.

Data collated by the World Health Organization shows Italy‘s outbreak of the deadly virus is slowing down or at least stabilising.

But Italy’s cumulative death toll by the time it appeared to reach its ‘peak’ was more than six times that of Germany, at 9,140.

Spain, Belgium, Norway and Austria all also appear to have hit their peak cases and deaths in the past fortnight.

Despite the promising improvements, the possibility of a new record daily increase cannot be ruled out because the pandemic is not over.

Elsewhere in Europe, the UK, France, Sweden and Denmark all seem to either be within their peak, or nearing it.

Currently the UK’s daily death doll is doubling around every two to three days. But cases and deaths do appear to be growing at a slower rate.

+16

Germany’s daily death toll today dropped to just 92. Its dramatic drop in daily deaths comes nine days after its peak in cases on March 28, suggesting the worst of its outbreak has passed. Spain and Italy are also reporting lower deaths by day

How many cases European countries are recording per day: Some appear to be coming out the other side of their outbreak, including Italy, Germany, Spain and the Netherlands

How many cases European countries are recording per day: Some appear to be coming out the other side of their outbreak, including Italy, Germany, Spain and the Netherlands

A man wearing mask in Berlin today, as Germany recorded its lowest virus cases since March 22

 

A man wearing mask in Berlin today, as Germany recorded its lowest virus cases since March 22

A woman walks to the temporary covid-19 treatment centre at the Signal Iduna Park, the home of Borussia Dortmund, on Monday

A woman walks to the temporary covid-19 treatment centre at the Signal Iduna Park, the home of Borussia Dortmund, on Monday

Germany’s daily death toll today dropped to just 92, just 24 hours after the country reported its highest daily death toll of 184.

New infections also fell for the fourth day running to 3,677, raising hopes that the coronavirus lockdown is working.

Its dramatic drop in daily deaths comes nine days after its peak in cases on March 28, suggesting the worst of its outbreak has passed.

A woman stands at the temporary coronavirus treatment centre at the Signal Iduna Park, the home of Borussia Dortmund, on Monday

A woman stands at the temporary coronavirus treatment centre at the Signal Iduna Park, the home of Borussia Dortmund, on Monday

 

Data shows the death rate lags behind cases by around four to seven days, which is why for a period of time cases appear to be slowing while deaths continue to rise.

Italy’s outbreak shows a similar pattern – the highest jump in new cases was recorded on March 22. Eight days later, on April 5, its daily death toll was at an all-time high.

The country has recorded consistently lower figures every day for longer than a week – around 4,500 new cases and 700 new deaths – giving hope that it’s finally out of the dark.

Both countries had the same ballpark figure for new daily cases during its peak – 6,300 for Germany and 6,560 for Italy. But Germany was testing far more people.

Their total cases are also not far from each other, with Italy reporting 124,632 as of today, and Germany 95,391.

But the two nation’s mortality counts differ dramatically. On Italy’s worst day for recorded deaths, it already had a total of 9,136 deaths, compared to Germany’s 1,434.

Spain also had more than 10,000 total deaths on its bleakest day so far – on April 3, when it reported 950 deaths in 24 hours.

Italy continues to unwillingly take the lead for coronavirus deaths, with 15,362 altogether.

Figures suggest the UK’s peak is looming, with officials predicting it to be six to nine days away, possibly on Easter Sunday.

Last week, NHS England was announcing new daily death highs, reaching a pinnacle of 708 on Saturday.

For the past two days, it has dropped to 621 and 403. The statistics are a glimmer of hope as the increase in death numbers today is the lowest it has been since March 31, when it was 381.

However, yesterday cases soared by 5,903 – the highest yet. With the death toll lagging some days behind, it may be too early to say the brunt of the outbreak is over.

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Yesterday, the UK's cases soared by 5,903 - the highest yet. With the death toll lagging some days behind, it may be pre-empt to feel hopeful the peak of the outbreak is behind us

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Yesterday, the UK’s cases soared by 5,903 – the highest yet. With the death toll lagging some days behind, it may be pre-empt to feel hopeful the peak of the outbreak is behind us

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Matt Hancock walks back projection that peak will hit April 12

HAS GERMANY ESCAPED LIGHTLY?

Germany has appeared to escape the global pandemic lightly in comparison to its neighbouring countries.

Although its cases aren’t far behind Spain and Italy, its mortality rate is considerably lower – at around 1.6 per cent, when dividing reported cases by deaths.

Germany’s daily death toll today dropped to just 92, just 24 hours after the country reported its highest daily death toll of 184.

New infections also fell for the fourth day running to 3,677 amid hope that coronavirus lockdown is working.

But Dr Derek Gatherer, an infectious disease expert, said it was too early for Germany to be victorious over its figures.

He said: ‘Today is a Monday, and if there is less testing over the weekend, there are always lower numbers on a Monday, so we should watch Germany tomorrow to see if this applies there too.’

Here’s why Germany’s death toll may be lower:

Testing 

This has been put down to Germany’s  decision to implement widespread testing of people suspected as having the coronavirus.

Some 500,000 citizens are being tested a week, according to Professor Christian Drosten, the virologist in charge of the country’s response.

Germany is seemingly able to acquire tests from domestic manufacturers while Britain is having to import them.

Germany is home to a strong network of biotech and pharmaceutical companies, including Landt, which has made and helped distribute four million COVID-19 tests, Bloomberg reports.

It’s believed Germany will also lead the way with the highly sought-after antibody testing, which can see if a person has already had the virus and built immunity.

Such checks could potentially allow people to be issued with certificates saying they are safe to go back to work, allowing the economy to get started again.

Private labs nationwide have been free to offer tests. But in the UK, Public Health England have been reluctant to expand testing facilities outside its own 12 centralised labs.

Germany had already established testing by mid-February, epidemiology professor Nathan Grubaugh, at Yale School of Public Health, told Business Insider.

As of April 2, private labs in Germany had already helped the country test one million people for COVID-19.

The age of infected people 

The average age of its patients is lower than in countries like Italy, which has a particularly old population, meaning they are less likely to die.

The majority – 80 per cent – of all people infected in Germany are younger than 60, official figures from Robert Koch Institute show.

There is speculation the first cluster of cases stemmed from ‘super spreaders’ who returned from skiing trips in Austria and Italy, who may have been fitter and younger.

The robust healthcare system 

Hospitals in Germany have been better prepared, Wired reports.

The country had the most intensive care beds per person than any country in Europe.

A study in 2011 found it had 29.2 intensive care beds per 100,000 people – considerably more than the 12.5 per 100,000 in Italy, 9.7 in Spain or just 6.6 in the UK.

Officials say Germany’s hospitals were already in shape to cope with an epidemic, with enough intensive care beds and ventilators. Meanwhile, Italy’s hospitals have been overwhelmed and there are fears the UK’s health system will buckle under the pressure.

How the country reports deaths

Dr Gatherer said that every country reports its deaths differently, which may be behind the varying mortality rates.

‘It’s really difficult to know why different countries in Europe have different death totals,’ he said. ‘It may be something to do with the way that deaths are recorded, for instance a distinction might possibly be made between deaths with COVID-19 and deaths from COVID-19.’

France, Sweden and Denmark are in a similar position, having seen a leap in daily cases the past few days.

At such an early stage in the pandemic, it’s difficult to draw firm conclusions on how countries are coping in comparison to each other.

It’s also worth noting that the figures don’t adjust for a reporting delay, which is the time between a death occurring, and it being announced. Reporting-delay is not necessarily the same in each country.

But there is an evident link between a countries response to the pandemic, and the scale of its outbreak so far.

Germany has been praised for its handling of the unprecedented situation, and the UK government ridiculed for not following its lead.

Its low death rate – around 1.6 per cent – has been attributed for the most part due to its rigorous testing regime, tracing anyone who has had contact with a positive case.

Around half a million people are being tested per week. In comparison, the UK’s testing capacity is around 70,000 a week.

This is due to a number of reasons, including Germany being able to scale up its testing capacity domestically.

Professor Lawrence Young, a virologist and professor of molecular oncology, University of Warwick, noted that Germany’s testing isn’t provided by one central authority – like Public Health England – but by approximately 400 public health offices.

This allows for labs to be stretched out across the nation which act largely autonomously of central control. As of April 2, private labs had already tested an astonishing one million people, Business Insider reports.

Professor Young told MailOnline: ‘Robust surveillance (testing) to find, isolate, trace, and treat every case is what’s happened in Germany and South Korea.

‘German public health services have also helped with 400 public health offices run by municipal and rural district administrations throughout the Federal republic.

‘But also the fact that the Robert Koch Institute in Germany is supporting these public health offices and facilitated engagement with the German biotech industry to produce a test in mid-January and then rolled it out across the country.

‘Germany also has more virologists who were mobilised early and responded quickly to work together with industry to produce the diagnostic test.’

Official figures from Robert Koch Institute shows the majority of infected people in Germany are under the age of 60, which may explain why less people are dying.

Italy has a particularly old population, which experts believe explains its higher mortality rate – 12 per cent when dividing reported cases by deaths.

Dr Derek Gatherer, an infectious disease expert, said it was too early for Germany to be victorious over its figures.

He said: ‘Today is a Monday, and if there is less testing over the weekend, there are always lower numbers on a Monday, so we should watch Germany tomorrow to see if this applies there too.

‘I think we’ll probably be revising these figures for a while to come. However, a consistent drop off in number of deaths, however they are recorded, in any country, will be one of the signals that lockdown could be eased.’

Figures suggest Belgium and the Netherlands have come out the other side, reporting a total of 1,283 and 1,651 deaths respectively.

At their peak, on April 1, they each reported between 150-200 deaths per day, fairly unscathed compared to their European neighbours.

Even further behind are Austria and Norway, who reported 22 and 10 deaths respectively on their worst days. They have 186 and 50 total deaths respectively.

Both countries imposed lockdowns when the number of cases were under 3,000.

In comparison, Prime Minister Boris Johnson shut Britain down on March 24, when there were already 6,650 cases and 335 deaths.

Their testing capacity is also unparallelled in Europe – authorities test between 12,000 and 19,000 per million inhabitants every day.

The UK’s testing regime, reaching a fraction of people in hospital, has been criticised heavily because it has failed to paint an accurate picture of how many people are infected.

Imperial College London mapped how each country responded to the pandemic

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Imperial College London mapped how each country responded to the pandemic

HOW DO EACH COUNTRY’S MEASURES COMPARE?

UK

Lockdown imposed: March 24

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 6,650/335

Testing: 2,895 per 1million

Germany

Lockdown imposed: March 22

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 21,463/67

Testing: 11,046 per 1million

Italy

Lockdown imposed: March 11

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 10,149/631

Testing: 10,896 per 1million

Spain

Lockdown imposed: March 14

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 4,231/120

Testing: 7,596 per 1million

Austria

Lockdown imposed: March 16

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 959/1

Testing: 12,502 per 1million

France

Lockdown imposed: March 17

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 6,573/148

Testing: 3,346 per 1million

Belgium

Lockdown imposed: March 18

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 1,486/14

Testing: 1,594 per 1million

Denmark

Lockdown imposed: March 18

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 977/4

Testing: 8,306 per 1million

Switzerland

Lockdown imposed: March 20

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 3,863/33

Testing: 17,904 per 1million

Norway

Lockdown imposed: March 24

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 2,371/8

Testing: 19,000 per 1million

Netherlands

Lockdown imposed: March 15

Cases and deaths on lockdown: 959/12

Testing: 4,328 per 1million

Sweden

Lockdown imposed: Hasn’t imposed a lockdown

Cases and deaths currently: 6,443/373

Testing: 4,306 per 1million

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How Europe is planning to lift the lockdown: Austria will open small shops next week, Denmark wants ‘staggered’ return to work and Germany could re-open schools if infection rate stays low 

By Tim Stickings

As Britain and America start to draw up plans for life after the lockdown, they may look for inspiration from European countries where the coronavirus crisis has already showed signs of peaking.

Austria today became the first country to set out detailed plans for ending the standstill, with smaller shops re-opening on April 14 and larger ones on May 1.

Denmark also plans to start lifting restrictions after Easter, but wants people to ‘work in a more staggered way’ to avoid crowding into trains and buses.

Meanwhile Germany is willing to re-open schools on a regional basis and allow a limited number of people into restaurants if the infection rate stays sufficiently low.

In Italy, which has been under lockdown longer than any other European country, officials are talking about a ‘phase two’ where society learns to ‘live with the virus’ by wearing masks and carrying out more tests.

Italy and Germany are among the countries looking at smartphone tracking, which could allow them to jump on new outbreaks without sending everyone back inside.

All of those countries, along with Spain, have seen signs of improvement in their recent figures which offer hope that the crisis is past its peak. That moment is still to come for Britain and America, which are bracing for one of their bleakest weeks.

However, health officials across Europe warn that life cannot go back ‘from 0 to 100’ immediately and many lockdown measures will remain in place for several more weeks at least.

Spain plans more tests and a partial return to work

135,032 confirmed cases, 13,055 deaths

Spain has been in lockdown since March 14 as it battles one of the world’s worst outbreaks, with the total caseload now higher than in Italy.

However, the rate of new infections has fallen to a record low, offering hope that the measures are working.

Prime minister Pedro Sanchez has said that some economic restrictions could be lifted after Easter, allowing some people in non-essential jobs to return to work.

However, shops, bars and restaurants will remain closed, and many lockdown measures are likely to last beyond their current deadline of April 26.

Nadia Calvino, the economy minister in Sanchez’s government, told El Pais that ministers have begun discussing a way out of the lockdown.

‘We will have to establish measures and conditions that minimise the risk of having an extended contagion, which will allow us to keep the virus at bay. It cannot be a 0 to 100 process in one day,’ she said.

Calvino declined to answer whether workers would have to return to their jobs wearing masks and gloves.

The government says one million testing kits were due to arrive in Spain on Sunday and Monday, and would act as ‘rapid screening’ in places such as hospitals and nursing homes.

Spain's daily infection count has fallen sharply from its peak, and today's rise of 3.3 per cent is the smallest yet

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Spain’s daily infection count has fallen sharply from its peak, and today’s rise of 3.3 per cent is the smallest yet

This chart shows the daily number of deaths in Spain, which has similarly shown signs of coming down from a peak recently

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This chart shows the daily number of deaths in Spain, which has similarly shown signs of coming down from a peak recently

Austria will re-open shops but keep public gatherings banned

12,008 cases, 220 deaths

Small shops such as these in a Viennese market are set to re-open next week in Austria

Small shops such as these in a Viennese market are set to re-open next week in Austria

Austria’s chancellor Sebastian Kurz today became the first European leader to provide specific dates for the end of lockdown measures.

Kurz said the aim was to let smaller shops re-open as soon as April 14, with larger ones and shopping malls opening on May 1 if all goes well.

‘The aim is that from April 14… smaller shops up to a size of 400 square metres, as well as hardware and garden stores can open again, under strict security conditions of course,’ Kurz said at a press conference.

Customers will be required to wear masks when shops re-open, extending a requirement which already applies to supermarkets. Masks will also be compulsory on public transport.

Hotels and restaurants could start to re-open in mid-May, with a decision later this month. Schools will remain closed until mid-May and public events will remain banned until the end of June, Kurz said.

Austria’s health ministry says the rate of new infections has fallen significantly, and Kurz wants to ‘gradually and cautiously return to normality after Easter’ as long as ‘we all remain disciplined during Easter week’.

If the numbers get worse again, the government ‘always has the possibility to hit the emergency brake’ and re-introduce restrictions, he said.

Denmark wants ‘staggered’ return to work as restrictions ease after Easter

4,647 cases, 179 deaths

Denmark wants to avoid overcrowding on trains such as the Copenhagen metro service (pictured)

Denmark wants to avoid overcrowding on trains such as the Copenhagen metro service (pictured)

Denmark has been in lockdown since March 11, but wants to start lifting the measures after Easter if there is no surge in new cases.

In an interview with DK last night, prime minister Mette Frederiksen said the government was hoping for a ‘gradual, controlled and quiet reopening of Denmark’.

She suggested that people could go to work ‘in a more staggered way’ in order to avoid excessive crowds on public transport.

The PM did not provide details of what a ‘staggered’ return to work might look like.

However, she warned that ‘we will not return to Denmark as it was’ when the first restrictions are lifted.

‘We are not going to be able to squeeze up close together in trains, buses and subways in the way we have become accustomed to,’ she said.

‘Or stand very close together with a whole lot of other people and have a good party together.’

Italy plans to ‘live with the virus’ using more masks and dedicated hospitals

128,948 confirmed cases, 15,887 deaths

Italy is openly talking about a ‘phase two’ in which society will have to ‘create the conditions to live with the virus’ until a vaccine is developed.

Health minister Roberto Speranza says more testing and a beefed-up local health system would be necessary to allow an easing of the lockdown.

He said social distancing would have to remain in place, with more widespread use of personal protective equipment such as face masks.

Testing and ‘contact tracing’ would be extended, including with the use of smartphone apps, in order to contain new outbreaks.

A network of hospitals would also be set up which are specifically dedicated to virus patients, after doctors on existing wards described having to make life-or-death decisions over access to intensive care.

‘There are difficult months ahead. Our task is to create the conditions to live with the virus,’ at least until a vaccine is developed, the health minister told La Repubblica newspaper.

The national lockdown, strictly limiting people’s movements and freezing all non-essential economic activity, will officially last until at least April 13 but it is widely expected to be extended.

Italy's daily infection count reached a peak of 6,557 on March 21, but has not been above 5,000 in recent days

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Italy’s daily infection count reached a peak of 6,557 on March 21, but has not been above 5,000 in recent days

Italy recorded 969 deaths in one day on March 27, but the figure has fallen since then, as shown on this graph

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Italy recorded 969 deaths in one day on March 27, but the figure has fallen since then, as shown on this graph

Germany plans to open schools, shops and restaurants if infection rate stays low

95,391 cases, 1,434 deaths

Germany has set out plans to lift restrictions as long as the infection rate remains below 1. That means each patient is infecting less than one other person on average.

If that is achieved, schools could be re-opened on a regional basis, shops could open their doors and restaurants could open with a limit on the number of people in closed rooms.

The plans were set out in an interior ministry document which also says that masks may become compulsory in any public building or on trains and buses.

The ministry announced plans today to put all arriving travellers in quarantine for 14 days, though not including health workers who live nearby.

Germany is also among the countries to suggest that antibody tests could signal a way out of the lockdown, by allowing people with immunity to leave home.

These so-called ‘immunity passports’ could allow people to return to work and travel around Germany without fear that they will spread the virus.

Christian Drosten, the head of virology at Berlin’s Charite hospital, says the tests could also ease the supply of medical equipment, because doctors who are immune would need less protective gear. ‘These tests are the only practical way to get things back to normal,’ he told an NDR podcast recently.

Ministers are also looking to South Korea as a model for how to use smartphone tracking, despite the tough privacy laws in Germany where surveillance is a sensitive subject.

One German institute is developing an app that would enable the proximity and duration of contact between people to be saved for two weeks on phones anonymously and without the use of location data.

Chancellor Angela Merkel has said she will recommend the use of tracking apps if tests on them prove successful.

Germany's biggest jump in cases so far was the 6,294 which were announced on March 28, but today's figure is only 3,677

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Germany’s biggest jump in cases so far was the 6,294 which were announced on March 28, but today’s figure is only 3,677

Germany's daily death toll fell sharply to 92 today after previously showing signs of peaking by flattening around 140 a day

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Germany’s daily death toll fell sharply to 92 today after previously showing signs of peaking by flattening around 140 a day

France says lockdown cannot happen ‘in one go and for everyone’

70,478 cases, 8,078 deaths

France appears less close to ending the lockdown, with the figures improving less clearly than in Italy or Spain.

Deputy interior minister Laurent Nunez has warned that ‘the end of confinement is not yet on the cards, a deadline has not been set’.

‘I remind you of the rule… one goes out only when it is strictly necessary,’ he said.

Questioned about the subject last week, prime minister Edouard Philippe warned that the lockdown could not be lifted in one stroke.

‘It is likely that we are not heading towards a general deconfinement in one go and for everyone,’ he told parliament by video link.

Philippe said the government is ‘fighting hour by hour’ to ward off shortages of essential drugs used to keep patients alive in intensive care.

From –
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8191343/How-Germanys-coronavirus-outbreak-peaked-fewer-1-500-deaths-does-Europe-compare.html

Bernie Sanders Demands That Israel “Lift Its Restrictions on Humanitarian Aid,” But There Are No Such Restrictions

boudicabpi2015's avatarBoudica2015

Bernie Sanders is nothing more than a socialist nutcase. An assinine noise that should be ignored by anyone with a sound mind. 

in fact Democrats by and large are anti-American, Anti-Constitutional, anti-Christian, pro illegal alien and pro Islam IMO.

Jihad Watch

Exposing the role that Islamic jihad theology and ideology play in the modern global conflicts

Bernie Sanders Demands That Israel “Lift Its Restrictions on Humanitarian Aid,” But There Are No Such Restrictions

By Hugh FitzgeraldLeave a Comment

Bernie Sanders tweeted on Sunday about the latest outrage committed by that Oppressive Colonial-Settler State of Israel:

Palestinians in Gaza already faced hardship under a blockade. Now they’re dealing with the coronavirus.

My Senate colleagues and I call on Trump to send U.S. medical relief. And the Israeli government must also lift its restrictions on humanitarian aid.

Sanders mentions the “hardship” caused by the “blockade” imposed on Gaza by Israel. It’s…

View original post 969 more words

How Trump Is Taming The Bureaucracy And Saving Lives

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boudicabpi@boudicabpi1

How Trump Is Taming The Bureaucracy And Saving Lives

How Trump Is Taming The Bureaucracy And Saving Lives
By: Cliff Kincaid From the start of the crisis, President Trump has been trying to figure out — and cut through — the bureaucracy. His latest victory is the decision by the U.S. Departmen…

trevorloudon.com

How Trump Is Taming The Bureaucracy And Saving Lives

 March 30, 2020 1 Comment
By: Cliff Kincaid

From the start of the crisis, President Trump has been trying to figure out — and cut through — the bureaucracy. His latest victory is the decision by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to accept 30 million doses of hydroxychloroquine sulfate and one million doses of chloroquine phosphate for possible use in treating patients hospitalized with COVID-19 or for use in clinical trials. Trump understands that America cannot wait for a possible vaccine and that…

View original post 640 more words

3 April 2020 – Coronavirus (Covid) and TB – an old vaccine revived into service

Tuberculosis is an illness very similar in effect to Covid19, the Wuhan – China virus

This is coming up on a vaccine that is 100 years old.  Timely.

It’s not fool proof and will probably be only a part of the over all approach

Explainer: How an old tuberculosis vaccine might help fight the new coronavirus

Posted by  | Apr 2, 2020

By Lisa Rapaport

(Reuters) – There is no vaccine against the novel coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, that is spreading rapidly around the world. But scientists in several countries are testing a century-old tuberculosis (TB) vaccine to see if it might boost the immune system to reduce respiratory symptoms in people who get new coronavirus infections.

Researchers in Australia and Europe are testing whether the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, introduced in the 1920s to fight tuberculosis, might be deployed to combat COVID-19, the respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus. Clinical trials are focused on two groups at high-risk for COVID-19: health care workers and the elderly.

Here is what scientists know, and what they are trying to find out:

HOW CAN A TB VACCINE HELP WITH OTHER INFECTIONS?

The BCG vaccine contains a live but weakened strain of tuberculosis bacteria that provokes the body to develop antibodies to attack TB bacteria. This is called an adaptive immune response, because the body develops a defense against a specific disease-causing microorganism, or pathogen, after encountering it. Most vaccines create an adaptive immune response to a single pathogen.

Unlike other vaccines, the BCG vaccine may also boost the innate immune system, first-line defenses that keep a variety of pathogens from entering the body or from establishing an infection. One study in Guinea-Bissau found 50% lower mortality rates in children vaccinated with BCG than in kids who did not get this vaccine. That is a much bigger drop in deaths than could be explained by a reduction in TB cases. Some studies have found similar reductions in respiratory infections among teens and the elderly.

WHAT SCIENTISTS DO NOT KNOW

Scientists do not have data yet on the effect of BCG vaccination on coronaviruses in general or SARS-CoV-2 in particular.

There are also many BCG vaccines, with different capacities to protect against various TB strains. Scientists need to determine which BCG vaccines might have the best ability to boost the innate immune system to fight COVID-19.

WHO SHOULD GET THE BCG VACCINE RIGHT NOW?

Scientists say it will take several months to get results from trials testing the BCG vaccine to fight COVID-19. In the meantime, people should not rush to get it because it has not been widely tested in adults and might be harmful. Also, a run on the BCG vaccine to fight COVID-19 might cause shortages for children who need it to prevent TB.

(Reporting by Lisa Rapaport; editing by Christine Soares, Nancy Lapid and David Gregorio)

tagreuters.com2020binary_LYNXMPEG3129J-VIEWIMAGE

 

from – https://www.physiciansweekly.com/explainer-how-an-old/

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-02/fewer-coronavirus-deaths-seen-in-countries-that-mandate-tb-vaccine

Nations with Mandatory TB Vaccines Show Fewer Coronavirus Deaths

New study finds a correlation, but clinical trials are still in progress

By

RF needle
Photographer: scyther5/iStockphoto

Countries with mandatory policies to vaccinate against tuberculosis register fewer coronavirus deaths than countries that don’t have those policies, a new study has found.

The preliminary study posted on medRxiv, a site for unpublished medical research, finds a correlation between countries that require citizens to get the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and those showing fewer number of confirmed cases and deaths from Covid-19. Though only a correlation, clinicians in at least six countries are running trials that involve giving frontline health workers and elderly people the BCG vaccine to see whether it can indeed provide some level of protection against the new coronavirus.

Gonzalo Otazu

, assistant professor at the New York Institute of Technology and lead author of the study, started working on the analysis after noticing the low number of cases in Japan. The country had reported some of the earliest confirmed cases of coronavirus outside of China and it hadn’t instituted lockdown measures like so many other countries have done.

Otazu said he knew about studies showing the BCG vaccine provided protection against not just tuberculosis bacteria but also other types of contagions. So his team put together the data on what countries had universal BCG vaccine policies and when they were put in place. They then compared the number of confirmed cases and deaths from Covid-19 to find a strong correlation.

Among high-income countries showing large number of Covid-19 cases, the U.S. and Italy recommend BCG vaccines but only for people who might be at risk, whereas Germany, Spain, France and the U.K. used to have BCG vaccine policies but ended them years to decades ago. China

, where the pandemic began, has a BCG vaccine policy but it wasn’t adhered to very well before 1976, Otazu said. Countries including Japan

and South Korea, which have managed to control the disease, have universal BCG vaccine policies. Data on confirmed cases from low-income countries was considered not reliable enough to make a strong judgment.

relates to Nations with Mandatory TB Vaccines Show Fewer Coronavirus Deaths

Caution Urged

With nearly 900,000 cases and 45,000 deaths, the world is struggling to control Covid-19. Any vaccine for the disease is more than a year away from being available and the effectiveness of drugs under trial won’t be known for months to come. That’s why it’s reasonable to look at whether BCG vaccine could provide protection against Covid-19, said Eleanor Fish, professor at the University of Toronto’s immunology department. Otazu’s study is yet to undergo review by peers, a strict criteria for science studies.

“I would read the results of the study with incredible caution,” Fish said.

Otazu, who said he’s already received comments from other experts, is working on a second version of his study that will address some of their concerns. He has also submitted the study for a formal review process with the journal Frontiers in Public Health.

One of the first to conduct the trial of BCG vaccine’s effectiveness against coronavirus is Mihai Netea, an infectious-disease expert at Radboud Universty Medical Center in the Netherlands. Netea’s team has already enrolled 400 health workers in the trial—200 got the BCG vaccine and 200 received a placebo. He doesn’t expect to see any results for at least two months. He’s also about to start a separate trial to study the effectiveness of the BCG vaccine on those older than 60. Other trials are taking place in Australia, Denmark, Germany, the U.K. and the U.S.

Scientists are still working to better understand why the BCG vaccine may be effective against not just tuberculosis but other disease microbes. Netea’s decade-long work shows that BCG vaccine sensitizes the immune system in such a way that, whenever any pathogen that relies on the same attack strategy as the tuberculosis bacteria attacks, it is ready to respond in a better way than the immune system of those who haven’t received the vaccine.

“It’s like the BCG vaccine creates bookmarks for the immune system to use later in life,” Netea said.

Even if BCG vaccine is shown to be effective, that’s no reason to stockpile.

“People should not hoard or try to get BCG vaccine like they did toilet paper,” Otazu said. There is a small chance that the BCG vaccine could increase the risk of coronavirus, but scientists won’t know until after the clinical trials.

In any case, the BCG vaccine shouldn’t be the only tool to fight Covid-19.

“No country in the world has managed to control the disease just because the population was protected by BCG,” Otazu said. Social distancing, testing and isolating cases will need to be implemented to manage the spread of the disease.

from – https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-02/fewer-coronavirus-deaths-seen-in-countries-that-mandate-tb-vaccine

 

BCG vaccine

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BCG vaccine
Mycobacterium bovis BCG ZN.jpg

Microscopic image of the Calmette-Guérin bacillus, Ziehl–Neelsen stain, magnification:1,000nn
Vaccine description
Target disease Tuberculosis
Type Live bacteria
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com FDA Professional Drug Information
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		 Percutaneous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
DrugBank
ChemSpider
  • none

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB).[1] In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as close to the time of birth as possible.[1] In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated.[1] Adults who do not have tuberculosis and have not been previously immunized but are frequently exposed may be immunized as well.[1] BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacteria infections.[1] Additionally it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer.[2][3]

Rates of protection against tuberculosis infection vary widely and protection lasts up to twenty years.[1] Among children it prevents about 20% from getting infected and among those who do get infected it protects half from developing disease.[4] The vaccine is given by injection into the skin.[1] Additional doses are not supported by evidence.[1]

Serious side effects are rare. Often there is redness, swelling, and mild pain at the site of injection.[1] A small ulcer may also form with some scarring after healing.[1] Side effects are more common and potentially more severe in those with poor immune function.[1] It is not safe for use during pregnancy.[1] The vaccine was originally developed from Mycobacterium bovis, which is commonly found in cows.[1] While it has been weakened, it is still live.[1]

The BCG vaccine was first used medically in 1921.[1] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[5] Between 2011 and 2014 the wholesale price was US$0.16 to US$1.11 a dose in the developing world.[6][7] In the United States it costs US$100 to US$200.[8] As of 2004 the vaccine is given to about 100 million children per year globally.[9]

Medical uses[edit]

Tuberculosis[edit]

See also: Tuberculosis vaccines

The main use of BCG is for vaccination against tuberculosis. BCG vaccine can be administered after birth intradermally.[10] BCG vaccination can cause a false positive Mantoux test, although a very high-grade reading is usually due to active disease.

The most controversial aspect of BCG is the variable efficacy found in different clinical trials, which appears to depend on geography. Trials conducted in the UK have consistently shown a protective effect of 60 to 80%, but those conducted elsewhere have shown no protective effect, and efficacy appears to fall the closer one gets to the equator.[11][12]

A 1994 systematic review found that BCG reduces the risk of getting TB by about 50%.[11] There are differences in effectiveness, depending on region, due to factors such as genetic differences in the populations, changes in environment, exposure to other bacterial infections, and conditions in the lab where the vaccine is grown, including genetic differences between the strains being cultured and the choice of growth medium.[13][14]

A systematic review and meta analysis conducted in 2014 demonstrated that the BCG vaccine reduced infections by 19–27% and reduced progression to active TB by 71%.[15] The studies included in this review were limited to those that used interferon gamma release assay.

The duration of protection of BCG is not clearly known. In those studies showing a protective effect, the data are inconsistent. The MRC study showed protection waned to 59% after 15 years and to zero after 20 years; however, a study looking at Native Americans immunized in the 1930s found evidence of protection even 60 years after immunization, with only a slight waning in efficacy.[16]

BCG seems to have its greatest effect in preventing miliary TB or TB meningitis, so it is still extensively used even in countries where efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis is negligible.[17]

Efficacy[edit]

A number of possible reasons for the variable efficacy of BCG in different countries have been proposed. None have been proven, some have been disproved, and none can explain the lack of efficacy in both low-TB burden countries (US) and high-TB burden countries (India). The reasons for variable efficacy have been discussed at length in a World Health Organization (WHO) document on BCG.[18]

  1. Genetic variation in BCG strains: Genetic variation in the BCG strains used may explain the variable efficacy reported in different trials.[19]
  2. Genetic variation in populations: Differences in genetic make-up of different populations may explain the difference in efficacy. The Birmingham BCG trial was published in 1988. The trial, based in Birmingham, United Kingdom, examined children born to families who originated from the Indian Subcontinent (where vaccine efficacy had previously been shown to be zero). The trial showed a 64% protective effect, which is very similar to the figure derived from other UK trials, thus arguing against the genetic variation hypothesis.[20]
  3. Interference by nontuberculous mycobacteria: Exposure to environmental mycobacteria (especially Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium intracellulare) results in a nonspecific immune response against mycobacteria. Administering BCG to someone who already has a nonspecific immune response against mycobacteria does not augment the response already there. BCG will, therefore, appear not to be efficacious because that person already has a level of immunity and BCG is not adding to that immunity. This effect is called masking because the effect of BCG is masked by environmental mycobacteria. Clinical evidence for this effect was found in a series of studies performed in parallel in adolescent school children in the UK and Malawi.[21] In this study, the UK school children had a low baseline cellular immunity to mycobacteria which was increased by BCG; in contrast, the Malawi school children had a high baseline cellular immunity to mycobacteria and this was not significantly increased by BCG. Whether this natural immune response is protective is not known.[22] An alternative explanation is suggested by mouse studies; immunity against mycobacteria stops BCG from replicating and so stops it from producing an immune response. This is called the block hypothesis.[23]
  4. Interference by concurrent parasitic infection: In another hypothesis, simultaneous infection with parasites changes the immune response to BCG, making it less effective. As Th1 response is required for an effective immune response to tuberculous infection, concurrent infection with various parasites produces a simultaneous Th2 response, which blunts the effect of BCG.[24]

Mycobacteria[edit]

BCG has protective effects against some non-tuberculosis mycobacteria.

  • Leprosy: BCG has a protective effect against leprosy in the range of 20 to 80%.[1]
  • Buruli ulcer: BCG may protect against or delay the onset of Buruli ulcer.[1][25]

Cancer[edit]

See also: Cancer immunotherapy, Cancer vaccine, and Coley’s toxins

Micrograph showing granulomatous inflammation of bladder neck tissue due to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin used to treat bladder cancer, H&E stain

BCG has been one of the most successful immunotherapies.[26] BCG vaccine has been the “standard of care for patients with bladder cancer (NMIBC)” since 1977.[26][27] By 2014 there were more than eight different considered biosimilar agents or strains used for the treatment of non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).[26] [27]

  • A number of cancer vaccines use BCG as an additive to provide an initial stimulation of the person’s immune systems.
  • BCG is used in the treatment of superficial forms of bladder cancer. Since the late 1970s, evidence has become available that instillation of BCG into the bladder is an effective form of immunotherapy in this disease.[28] While the mechanism is unclear, it appears a local immune reaction is mounted against the tumor. Immunotherapy with BCG prevents recurrence in up to 67% of cases of superficial bladder cancer.
  • BCG has been evaluated in a number of studies as a therapy for colorectal cancer.[29] The US biotech company Vaccinogen is evaluating BCG as an adjuvant to autologous tumour cells used as a cancer vaccine in stage II colon cancer.

Method of administration[edit]

An apparatus (4–5 cm length, with 9 short needles) used for BCG vaccination in Japan, shown with ampules of BCG and saline

Except in neonates, a tuberculin skin test should always be done before administering BCG. A reactive tuberculin skin test is a contraindication to BCG. Someone with a positive tuberculin reaction is not given BCG, because the risk of severe local inflammation and scarring is high, not because of the common misconception that tuberculin reactors “are already immune” and therefore do not need BCG. People found to have reactive tuberculin skin tests should be screened for active tuberculosis. BCG is also contraindicated in certain people who have IL-12 receptor pathway defects.

BCG is given as a single intradermal injection at the insertion of the deltoid. If BCG is accidentally given subcutaneously, then a local abscess may form (a “BCG-oma”) that can sometimes ulcerate, and may require treatment with antibiotics immediately, otherwise without treatment it could spread the infection causing severe damage to vital organs. An abscess is not always associated with incorrect administration, and it is one of the more common complications that can occur with the vaccination. Numerous medical studies on treatment of these abscesses with antibiotics have been done with varying results, but the consensus is once pus is aspirated and analysed, provided no unusual bacilli are present, the abscess will generally heal on its own in a matter of weeks.[30]

The characteristic raised scar that BCG immunization leaves is often used as proof of prior immunization. This scar must be distinguished from that of smallpox vaccination, which it may resemble.

Adverse effects[edit]

BCG immunization generally causes some pain and scarring at the site of injection. The main adverse effects are keloids—large, raised scars. The insertion of deltoid is most frequently used because the local complication rate is smallest when that site is used. Nonetheless, the buttock is an alternative site of administration because it provides better cosmetic outcomes.

BCG vaccine should be given intradermally. If given subcutaneously, it may induce local infection and spread to the regional lymph nodes, causing either suppurative and nonsuppurative lymphadenitis. Conservative management is usually adequate for nonsuppurative lymphadenitis. If suppuration occurs, it may need needle aspiration. For nonresolving suppuration, surgical excision may be required. Evidence for the treatment of these complications is scarce.[31]

Uncommonly, breast and gluteal abscesses can occur due to haematogenous and lymphangiomatous spread. Regional bone infection (BCG osteomyelitis or osteitis) and disseminated BCG infection are rare complications of BCG vaccination, but potentially life-threatening. Systemic antituberculous therapy may be helpful in severe complications.[32]

If BCG is accidentally given to an immunocompromised patient (e.g., an infant with SCID), it can cause disseminated or life-threatening infection. The documented incidence of this happening is less than one per million immunizations given.[33] In 2007, The World Health Organization (WHO) stopped recommending BCG for infants with HIV, even if there is a high risk of exposure to TB,[34] because of the risk of disseminated BCG infection (which is approximately 400 per 100,000 in that higher risk context).[35][36]

Usage[edit]

The age of the person and the frequency with which BCG is given has always varied from country to country. The World Health Organization (WHO) currently recommends childhood BCG for all countries with a high incidence of TB and/or high leprosy burden.[1] This is a partial list of historic and current BCG practice around the globe. A complete atlas of past and present practice has been generated.[37]

Americas[edit]

  • United States: The US has never used mass immunization of BCG, relying instead on the detection and treatment of latent tuberculosis.
  • In the Canadian province of Quebec, the BCG vaccine was provided to children until the early 1960s.[citation needed]
  • Most countries in Central and South America have universal BCG immunizations. In Ecuador, a child cannot receive their birth certificate without having the BCG vaccine in their medical record along with other vaccinations.[38]
  • Brazil introduced universal BCG immunization in 1967–1968, and the practice continues until now. According to Brazilian law, BCG is given again to professionals of the health sector and to people close to patients with tuberculosis or leprosy.

Europe[edit]

  • France: The BCG was mandatory for school children between 1950 and 2007,[39][40] and for healthcare professionals between 1947 and 2010. Vaccination is still available for French healthcare professionals and social workers but is now decided on a case-by-case basis.[41]
  • Italy: BCG mass vaccination has never been performed in Italy. [37]
  • Norway: In Norway the BCG vaccine was mandatory from 1947 to 1995. It is still available and recommended for high-risk groups.[42]
  • Spain: Past national BCG vaccination policy for all from 1965 to 1981. [37]
  • United Kingdom: The UK introduced universal BCG immunization in 1953. From then until July 2005, UK policy was to immunize all school children aged between 10 and 14 years of age, and all neonates born into high-risk groups. The injection was given only once during an individual’s lifetime (as there is no evidence of additional protection from more than one vaccination). BCG was also given to protect people who had been exposed to tuberculosis. The peak of tuberculosis incidence is in adolescence and early adulthood, and an MRC trial showed efficacy lasted a maximum of 15 years.[43] Routine immunization with BCG for all school children was scrapped in July 2005 because of falling cost-effectiveness: whereas in 1953, 94 children would have to be immunized to prevent one case of TB, by 1988, the annual incidence of TB in the UK had fallen so much, 12,000 children would have to be immunized to prevent a single case of TB.[44] The vaccine is still given to at risk healthcare professionals.[45]
  • Former Soviet Union. BCG was given regularly throughout life.[citation needed]

Asia[edit]

  • South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Malaysia. In these countries, BCG was given at birth and again at age 12. In Malaysia and Singapore from 2001, this policy was changed to once only at birth. South Korea stopped re-vaccination in 2008.
  • Hong Kong: BCG is given to all newborns.[46]
  • Japan: In Japan, BCG is administered between five and eight months after birth, and no later than a child’s first birthday. BCG was administered no later than the fourth birthday until 2005, and no later than six months from birth from 2005 to 2012; the schedule was changed in 2012 due to reports of osteitis side effects from vaccinations at 3–4 months. Some municipalities recommend an earlier immunization schedule.[47]
  • Thailand: In Thailand, the BCG vaccine is given routinely at birth.[48]
  • India and Pakistan: India and Pakistan introduced BCG mass immunization in 1948, the first countries outside Europe to do so.[49]
  • Mongolia: All newborns are vaccinated with BCG. Previously, the vaccine was also given at ages 8 and 15, although this is no longer common practice.[citation needed]
  • Philippines: BCG vaccine started in the Philippines in 1979 with the Expanded Program on Immunization.
  • Sri Lanka: In Sri Lanka, The National Policy of Sri Lanka is to give BCG vaccination to all newborn babies immediately after birth. BCG vaccination is carried out under the Expanded Programme of Immunisation (EPI).[50]

Africa[edit]

  • South Africa: In South Africa, the BCG Vaccine is given routinely at birth, to all newborns, except those with clinically symptomatic AIDS. The vaccination site in the right shoulder.[51]

South Pacific[edit]

  • Australia: BCG is not part of routine vaccination[52].
  • New Zealand: BCG Immunisation was first introduced for 13 yr olds in 1948. Vaccination was phased out 1963–1990. [37]

Manufacture[edit]

BCG is prepared from a strain of the attenuated (virulence-reduced) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its ability to cause disease in humans. Because the living bacilli evolve to make the best use of available nutrients, they become less well-adapted to human blood and can no longer induce disease when introduced into a human host. Still, they are similar enough to their wild ancestors to provide some degree of immunity against human tuberculosis. The BCG vaccine can be anywhere from 0 to 80% effective in preventing tuberculosis for a duration of 15 years; however, its protective effect appears to vary according to geography and the lab in which the vaccine strain was grown.[13]

A number of different companies make BCG, sometimes using different genetic strains of the bacterium. This may result in different product characteristics. OncoTICE, used for bladder instillation for bladder cancer, was developed by Organon Laboratories (since acquired by Schering-Plough, and in turn acquired by Merck & Co.). Pacis BCG, made from the Montréal (Institut Armand-Frappier) strain,[53] was first marketed by Urocor in about 2002. Urocor was since acquired by Dianon Systems. Evans Vaccines (a subsidiary of PowderJect Pharmaceuticals). Statens Serum Institut in Denmark markets BCG vaccine prepared using Danish strain 1331.[54] Japan BCG Laboratory markets its vaccine, based on the Tokyo 172 substrain of Pasteur BCG, in 50 countries worldwide.

According to a UNICEF report published in December 2015 on BCG vaccine supply security, global demand increased in 2015 from 123 to 152.2 million doses. In order to improve security and to [diversify] sources of affordable and flexible supply,” UNICEF awarded seven new manufacturers contracts to produce BCG. Along with supply availability from existing manufacturers, and a “new WHO prequalified vaccine” the total supply will be “sufficient to meet both suppressed 2015 demand carried over to 2016, as well as total forecast demand through 2016-2018.”[55]

Supply shortage[edit]

In the fall of 2011, the Sanofi Pasteur plant flooded causing problems with mold.[56] The facility, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, produced BCG vaccine products, made with substrain Connaught, such as a tuberculosis vaccine ImmuCYST, a BCG Immunotherapeutic – a bladder cancer drug.[57] By April 2012 the FDA had found dozens of documented problems with sterility at the plant including mold, nesting birds and rusted electrical conduits.[56] The resulting closure of the plant for over two years caused shortages of bladder cancer and tuberculosis vaccines.[58][59] On October 29, 2014 Health Canada gave the permission for Sanofi to resume production of BCG.[60] An 2018 analysis of the global supply concluded that the supplies are adequate to meet forecast BCG vaccine demand, but that risks of shortages remain, mainly due to dependence of 75 percent of WHO pre-qualified supply on just two suppliers.[61]

Preparation[edit]

A weakened strain of bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis is specially subcultured in a culture medium, usually Middlebrook 7H9.

Dried[edit]

Some BCG vaccines are freeze dried and become fine powder. Sometimes the powder is sealed with vacuum in a glass ampoule. Such a glass ampoule has to be opened slowly to prevent the airflow from blowing out the powder. Then the powder has to be diluted with saline water before injecting.

History[edit]

French poster promoting the BCG vaccine

The history of BCG is tied to that of smallpox. Jean Antoine Villemin first recognized bovine tuberculosis in 1854 and transmitted it, and Robert Koch first distinguished Mycobacterium bovis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Following the success of vaccination in preventing smallpox, established during the 18th century, scientists thought to find a corollary in tuberculosis by drawing a parallel between bovine tuberculosis and cowpox: it was hypothesized that infection with bovine tuberculosis might protect against infection with human tuberculosis. In the late 19th century, clinical trials using M. bovis were conducted in Italy with disastrous results, because M. bovis was found to be just as virulent as M. tuberculosis.

Albert Calmette, a French physician and bacteriologist, and his assistant and later colleague, Camille Guérin, a veterinarian, were working at the Institut Pasteur de Lille (Lille, France) in 1908. Their work included subculturing virulent strains of the tuberculosis bacillus and testing different culture media. They noted a glycerin-bile-potato mixture grew bacilli that seemed less virulent, and changed the course of their research to see if repeated subculturing would produce a strain that was attenuated enough to be considered for use as a vaccine. The BCG strain was isolated after subculturing 239 times during 13 years from virulent strain on glycerine potato medium. The research continued throughout World War I until 1919, when the now avirulent bacilli were unable to cause tuberculosis disease in research animals. Calmette and Guerin transferred to the Paris Pasteur Institute in 1919. The BCG vaccine was first used in humans in 1921.[62]

Public acceptance was slow, and one disaster, in particular, did much to harm public acceptance of the vaccine. In the summer of 1930 in Lübeck, 240 infants were vaccinated in the first 10 days of life; almost all developed tuberculosis and 72 infants died. It was subsequently discovered that the BCG administered there had been contaminated with a virulent strain that was being stored in the same incubator, which led to legal action against the manufacturers of the vaccine.[63]

Dr. R.G. Ferguson, working at the Fort Qu’Appelle Sanatorium in Saskatchewan, was among the pioneers in developing the practice of vaccination against tuberculosis. In 1928, BCG was adopted by the Health Committee of the League of Nations (predecessor to the World Health Organization (WHO)). Because of opposition, however, it only became widely used after World War II. From 1945 to 1948, relief organizations (International Tuberculosis Campaign or Joint Enterprises) vaccinated over 8 million babies in eastern Europe and prevented the predicted typical increase of TB after a major war.

BCG is very efficacious against tuberculous meningitis in the pediatric age group, but its efficacy against pulmonary tuberculosis appears to be variable. As of 2006, only a few countries do not use BCG for routine vaccination. Two countries that have never used it routinely are the United States and the Netherlands (in both countries, it is felt that having a reliable Mantoux test and therefore being able to accurately detect active disease is more beneficial to society than vaccinating against a condition that is now relatively rare there).[64][65]

Other names include “Vaccin Bilié de Calmette et Guérin vaccine” and “Bacille de Calmette et Guérin vaccine”.

Research[edit]

Tentative evidence exists for a beneficial non-specific effect of BCG vaccination on overall mortality in low income countries, or for its reducing other health problems including sepsis and respiratory infections when given early,[66] with greater benefit the earlier it is used.[67]

In rhesus macaques, BCG shows improved rates of protection when given intravenously.[68][69]

Diabetes[edit]

BCG vaccine is in the early stages of being studied[when?] in type 1 diabetes.[70][71]

COVID-19[edit]

BCG vaccine is also in Phase 3 trials (as of March 2020) of being studied to prevent COVID-19 in health care workers in Australia and Netherlands.[72] Neither country practices routine BCG vaccination.

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